Causing an event

(1) If a person intentionally or negligently causes any involuntary agent to cause an event, that person shall be deemed to have caused the event. (2) “Involuntary agent” means any animal or other thing, and also any person who is exempted from liability to punishment for causing the event by reason of infancy, or insanity or otherwise, under the provisions of Title V. (3) If an event is caused by the acts of several persons acting either jointly or independently, each of those persons who has intentionally or negligently contributed to cause the event shall, subject to sub-section (4), and to the provisions of Title IV with respect to abetment, be deemed to have caused the event, but any matter of exemption, justification, extenuation or aggravation which exists in the case of any one of those persons shall have effect in his case whether it exists or not in the case of any of the other persons. (4) A person shall not be convicted of having intentionally or negligently caused an event, if, notwithstanding his act and the acts of any person acting jointly with him, the event would not have happened but for the existence of some state of facts or the intervention of some other event or of some other person, the probability of the existence or intervention of which other event or person the accused person did not take into consideration, and had no reason to take into consideration. (5) Sub-section (4) shall not apply where a person is charged with having caused an event by an omission to perform a duty for averting the event. (6) If a person beyond the jurisdiction of the courts causes any involuntary agent to cause an event within the jurisdiction, 28 he shall be deemed to have caused the event within the (7) Subject to the provisions of this section, and to the special provisions of any particular Title of this Code, it is a question of fact whether an event is fairly and reasonably to be ascribed to a person’s act as having been caused thereby. (8) A person shall not, by reason of anything in this section, be relieved from any liability in respect of– (a) an attempt to cause an event; (b) negligent conduct, if such negligent conduct is punishable under this Code irrespectively of whether it actually causes any event. (9) If a person intending to cause an event with respect to one or some of several persons or things, or to such indeterminate person or things as may happen to be affected by his act, cause such event with respect to any such person or thing, he shall be liable in the same manner as if he had intended to cause the event with respect to that person or thing. (10) If a person does an act with intent to assault, harm, kill or cause any other event to a particular person and his act happens to take effect, whether completely or incompletely, against a different person, he shall be liable to be tried and punished as if his intent had been directed against that different person, but any ground of defence or extenuation shall be admissible on behalf of the accused person which would have been admissible if his act had taken effect against the person or in respect of the thing against whom or in respect of which he intended it to take effect.